Climate Change and Global Warming
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"Climate change" is a phenomenon that describes a change in weather patterns within the local and global. Global heating comes from the consequences of burning oil fuel that makes a high level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
In other words, Climate change indicates the high level of carbon dioxide from industrial society impacts on the change of climate prominently. The hottest year was recorded is 2014 with 0.69 Celcius average global temperature. Industrial society includes the using of fossil fuel from industrial activities, heating homes and electricity production that makes to increase the heat and energy causing the high temperature for greenhouse. People may have an effective agricultural system that can produce and provide enough nutrition foods for billions of people. On the other hand, human has air-pollution, high carbon dioxide, loss of diversity, the high level of temperature.
Global warming causes the temperature to increase leads to the Arctic ice-free, lack water shortage, sea level rises, more heatwaves and droughts, hurricanes can be unpredictable.
Anthony said "Climate change is real and dangerous, and that it is caused by human activity". Climate change becomes a main consideration in the world as it is increasing the carbon dioxide that affects the greenhouse. For example, Richard indicated that the Arctic ice thickness becomes shorter and it can be gone soon in years
The increase in ice melting trend in the summertime is a significant sign that scientists do not acknowledge clearly how climate change impacts on Arctic ice-free. The climate models showed that the Arctic ice-free can remain the ice well until the end of the century.
However, Julienne Stroeve who is an ice specialist said: "I think 2030 to 2040 is pretty realistic". By comparing the sea level of 2012 and 20001, researchers indicated that in the summertime in 2012 the record is 18% below the record of 2007 and also below 49% the record of 2001. Nevertheless, according to Strove from 1979 to 2001, the ice-free area was declining 6.5% per decade that is evidence the ice volume has been falling twice as fast.
A group including ice specialist Michael Steele have researched about the ice-free Arctic base on the measurements of ice area, atmospheric observations and ocean systems and they figured out that the ice-volume trend is increasing significantly. Jinlun Zhang also indicated from reanalysis data that since the 1960s the heat in the ice-ocean system is faster than the global average and the heat increases in Arctic's water and the ice cover area decreases.
Climate change has significant effects on Arctic ice-free negatively causing the loss of ice surface, the increases of sea level, loss of biodiversity and the place to live for human.
Arctic ice-free and its consequences on society and human
The sea level increases as the result of Arctic ice-free and climate change can lead to human activity and well-being in trouble. According to Michael, in 2100 almost 630 million people will live in a coastal land where is flooded every year. Arctic ice-free can also affect the biodiversity of bear live, seabird and create the transformation of Arctic cloud which can increase the heat in around the world. Moreover, if there is the ice free, the heat on global can increase.
As state by David et al. (2015), Arctic ice-free impacts on atmospheric and ocean circulation, biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functioning, the biodiversity in Atlantic Arctic like the polar bear is predicted to go extinct, and beyond polar bear seabird also needs attention about their environment around Atlantic Arctic. The little auk with a diversity of over 40 million individuals and the little aul plays a vital role in the marine ecosystem and the absence of sea ice as well as the impacts on sea surface temperatures. The little auk can also enhance its sensitivity to environmental change. Because of global warming and melted ice, the little auk is in trouble as they need cold water in the marginal ice area. Therefore, the Arctic ice-free also impact on the environment of zooplankton and zooplankton also plays a vital role in keeping the ecosystems in many centuries. It is better to take actions and attentions on social media to protect these zooplankton.
Furthermore, the increase of ice-free also influences the lives of polar bears. according to Lone et al. (2018), sea ice is an important place for polar bears to survive. As stated by Carlton (2005), polar bears are drowning as the ice is melting and it makes a long-distance for polar bears to swim between sheets of ice and the polar bears are hunting and breeding on ice sheets. 87% of polar bears were found on sea ice from 1979 to 1991, nevertheless, it declines to 33% of polar bears on ice sheets from 1992 to 2004. Some scientist predicts that polar bears can become extinct as their behaviour is hunting on ice but the distance between ice sheets is far so they can drown while trying to catch a seal. Steven Amstrup who is a polar bear specialist said: "As the sea ice goes, that will direct to a very great extent what happens to polar bears".
In addition, Ridley, Ringer and Sheward (2016) indicated that cloud plays a vital role in climate as it can predict the radiation and affect the atmosphere for the earth. Ice-free can increase the surface emissions of Dimethyl Sulphide (DMS), the cloud from the DMS can increase the cloud-top Albelo in an ecosystems global warming change. The ice is melting leads to sea-level rise and flood in almost coastal land.
Sociology and climate change
"No matters how we are told about threats, it is hard to face up to them, because they feel somehow unreal and in the meantime, there is a life to be lived, with all its pleasures and pressures" - Anthony Giddens. Climate change is one of the problems not only for the world but also ourselves. Anthony stated that it is hard for a human to take global warming as a reality to the future and even though there is a high level of scientist to recognize that global heating is significant, there is also a minority of a group of scientists disagreements with the pieces of evidence about climate change and they catch better attention via media.
Additionally, according to Stern (2016), the recognization of risk from climate change does not derive from the knowledge or numeracy from scientists, it is based on the measurements of world view's respondents. The cultural theory of risk is the main concept of world view, the cultural theory has formulated since 1970s rise from the environmental movement to indicate that the risk perception is based on the world view's respondents and cultural phenomenon rather than the actual risk. Global warming relates to the level of multiple factors of the individual and it depends on the knowledge of an individual to perceive the risk from climate change. An individual who has altruistic values develop beliefs is likely to perceive the risk better than those have the higher of self enhances.
Solutions for the ice-free Arctic
In order to decrease the volume of the ice-free Arctic, according to Stern (2016), scientists need to provide or support the evidence of high-level risk perception about the ice-free not only in physical facts but also social effects and climate choices as well as climate education.
Moreover, base on the policies in Gidden's paradox for industrial countries to reduce the carbon dioxinde and use less fossil fuel for the production to keep the temperature stable. The ice-free Arctic should put to the discussion of politics about climate change and attract attention from social media and social effects.
According to James (2016), mitigation and adaptation are two basic strategies, mitigation is when people use less fossel fuel in order not to make the high temperature while adaptation means people try to decrease the negative impacts and prepare for the remained impacts of climate change to their life. James said "the more mitigation we do, the less adaptation has to be carried out late.
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